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martes, 15 de enero de 2013

English as a killer language


Although initially the spread of English has been considered as an economic opportunity, it has been seen as a destructive language too, regarding the linguistic and cultural diversity. Pattanayak (1996) says that this spread of English accentuates the rift between the urban and the rural, the developed and the developing and the mass and the elite. And because it prevents many languages sharing communication, it promotes alienation, anomie, and blind spots in cultural perception.

So, may authors say that the spread of English is responsible for the death of other languages; however, do you really think that English is a killer language? It is obvious that in countries which has been colonized by the English and they now speak English, our language has acted as a killer. Remember the colonization of Australia, for instance, in which native language of indigenous almost disappeared, or the language of the American natives, which is the same case. But the spread of English has not been like this in other countries. English language is in many countries as a co-official language or as a language of trade. Even in East Africa, if you remember, it serves as a thrust of the Swahili, expanded its functional and geographical range.

So, it does not seem that English has to be seen as a killer language. It is not the direct cause of the language deaths in all the situations. Instead, the direct fact in killing languages seems to be the globalization of the economy, which takes the English language as a medium of communication. In other words, English would not be seen as a killer language, by the “medium to murder”.



37 comentarios:

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    Hello everyone, my name is ALFREED SIANG i am here to say a big thank you to my doctor DR OLU who helped me enlarge my penis.i have never had a happy relationship in my life because of my inability to perform well due to my small penis, due to frustration,i went online in search of solution to ending my predicament and than i came across testimony on how DR OLU has helped them, so i contacted him and he promised to help me with penis enlargement,i doubted at first but i gave him a trial and he sent me the product which i used according to his prescription and in less than a week,i saw changes in my penis and it grow to the size i wanted and since then,i am now a happy man and no lady complains again about my penis.if you also need the services of my doctor,you can also contact him on his email..drolusolutionhome@gmail.com or his whataspp is +2348140654426


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    After 3 Years in a relationship with my Boyfriend, my Boyfriend started going out with other girls and showing me cold love, on several occasions he threatens to broke-up with me if I dare question him about his affair with other girls, I was totally devastated and confused until an old friend of mine told me about a spell caster on the internet DR GREAT who help people with their relationship and marriage problem by the powers of love Spells, At first I doubted If such thing ever exists but decided to give it a try, When I contact him, he told me everything I needed to do and I did and he helped me cast a Love Spell and within 28Hours my boyfriend came back to me and started apologizing, now he has stopped going out with girls and he is with me for good and for real. Contact this Great spell Caster for your relationship or marriage problem. 
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    After 3 Years in a relationship with my Boyfriend, my Boyfriend started going out with other girls and showing me cold love, on several occasions he threatens to broke-up with me if I dare question him about his affair with other girls, I was totally devastated and confused until an old friend of mine told me about a spell caster on the internet DR GREAT who help people with their relationship and marriage problem by the powers of love Spells, At first I doubted If such thing ever exists but decided to give it a try, When I contact him, he told me everything I needed to do and I did and he helped me cast a Love Spell and within 28Hours my boyfriend came back to me and started apologizing, now he has stopped going out with girls and he is with me for good and for real. Contact this Great spell Caster for your relationship or marriage problem. 
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  16. Am Carlos Harry by name, i want to use this medium to say big thanks to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster for bringing back my wife that left me for six months, i love her so dearly, when she left me, i was so confused not knowing what to do to make her come back to me, until i met a friend of mine that introduced me to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster and i did what the Dr instructed, i followed the full step, after 5 days my wife came back begging asking me to forgive her that she didn't know what came over her. All thanks to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster for he has done in my life.
         Are you in need of spiritual help? Do you want your Ex back? Do you need business breakthrough? Do you need marriage spell? Do you need good luck spell? Kindly email Dr Iyere via (iyerespellcaster@gmail.com) and receive any kind of help........You can also contact him via WhatsApp +2347032073721.

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  17. Am Carlos Harry by name, i want to use this medium to say big thanks to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster for bringing back my wife that left me for six months, i love her so dearly, when she left me, i was so confused not knowing what to do to make her come back to me, until i met a friend of mine that introduced me to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster and i did what the Dr instructed, i followed the full step, after 5 days my wife came back begging asking me to forgive her that she didn't know what came over her. All thanks to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster for he has done in my life.
         Are you in need of spiritual help? Do you want your Ex back? Do you need business breakthrough? Do you need marriage spell? Do you need good luck spell? Kindly email Dr Iyere via (iyerespellcaster@gmail.com) and receive any kind of help........You can also contact him via WhatsApp +2347032073721.

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  18. HOW I GOT MY EX HUSBAND BACK WITH THE HELP OF REAL AND EFFECTIVE SPELL FROM DR Osasu My name is Olivia Jayden, I never thought I will smile again, My husband left me with two kids for one year, All effort to bring him back failed I thought I'm not going to see him again not until I met a lady called Jesse who told me about a spell caster called Dr. Osasu , She gave me his email address and mobile number and I contacted him and he assured me that within 48hours my husband will come back to me, In less than 48hours my husband came back started begging for forgiveness saying it is the devils work, so I'm still surprise till now about this miracle,i couldn't conceive but as soon as the spell was cast,i became pregnant and gave birth to my third child,if you need any assistance from him you can contact him via:email: drosasu25@gmail.com Or WhatsApp or call him now:
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  20. I am Vivian by name from UK, i want to use this medium to thank the great spell caster ( dr iyere ) for bringing back my dear husband. When my husband left me and our two kids for another woman, i was living in pains because i love him so dearly, i didn't know what to do, in fact i was confused until i met this girl name ( precious ) and i told her what i was passing through, then she told me  not to worry that she also went through that same problem but in her case it was boyfriend, then she took me to one spiritualist, a spell caster, named ( dr iyere ) that help her brought back her boyfriend, then i told him my problems, after that, he told me what to do and he said after I have done what he told me, after 5 days my husband will come crawling on his kneels begging me to forgive him although i doubted him but still i did it as he instructed, really after 5 days, i never expected it to happen soon, i had a knock on my door, when i opened the door, to my greatest surprise i saw my husband on his kneels begging me and our kids to forgive him, that was when i believed dr iyere is really a powerful spell caster..
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    4. ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease).
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    6. HYPERTENSION.
    7. LOW SPERM COUNT.
    8. ASTHMA.
    9. VIRGINIA PROBLEM.
    10. DIARRHEA.
    11. PILE.
    12. COLD SORE.
    13. STROKE.

    And he also cast the following spells,

    1. you want a good marriage,
    2.you are a politician and you need protection,
    3. you need a love spell,
    4. you want to be a rich man or woman,
    5.you want your partner to love you,
    6.you are looking for wife or husband,
    7. you want to work a visa  to any country of your choice,
    8.you are a businessman or woman and you want your business to be moving,
    9.you want your boss to love you,
    10.you want your husband or wife to be worshiping you,
    11 You need a job spell,
    12 You need promotion in your job,
      Anyone that have problems listed above should please contact dr iyere the great spell caster on iyerespellcaster@gmail.com, you can also contact him Via calls or WhatsApp on  +2349064399212,

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  21. Am Carlos Harry by name, i want to use this medium to say big thanks to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster for bringing back my wife that left me for six months, i love her so dearly, when she left me, i was so confused not knowing what to do to make her come back to me, until i met a friend of mine that introduced me to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster and i did what the Dr instructed, i followed the full step, after 5 days my wife came back begging asking me to forgive her that she didn't know what came over her. All thanks to Dr. Iyere the great spell caster for he has done in my life.
         Are you in need of spiritual help? Do you want your Ex back? Do you need business breakthrough? Do you need marriage spell? Do you need good luck spell? Kindly email Dr Iyere via (iyerespellcaster@gmail.com) and receive any kind of help........You can also contact him via WhatsApp +2349064399212.

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  22. Spell to fix your broken marriage or relationship problem or after a divorce or Breakup,I was recently scam by two of them, until one faithful day i meet a man called Dr Oselumen who help me to get back to the father of my kid after we have been separated for two years,I only pay for the items required for the spell and he cast the spell for me within 24hours my ex husband called me and beg me to forgive him for everything until the end of the world he will never leave me again we are back together.if you need a real and quick love spell or you are passing through pregnancy problem Dr Oselumen is the answer, Please if any body needs. LOVE SPELL,LOTTERY,PREGNANCY SPELL, DIVORCE SPELL,STOP COURT CASE AND WIN ANY COURT PROBLEM,DEATH SPELL,BUSINESS SPELL AND MANY MORE YOU MAY NEED. Email him now for your own help. via email droselumen@gmail.com add him on whatsapp line or call +2348054265852.

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  23. I’m so excited because my broken marriage has been restored & my husband is back after he left me and our 2 kids for another woman. After 8 years of marriage, me and my husband has been into one quarrel or the other until he finally left me and moved to California to be with another woman. i felt my life was over and my kids thought they would never see their father again. i tried to be strong just for the kids but i could not control the pains that torments my heart, my heart was filled with sorrows and pains because i was really in love with my husband. Every day and night i think of him and always wish he would come back to me, I was really upset and i needed help, so i searched for help online and I came across a website that suggested that DR.Osasu can help get ex back fast. So, I felt I should give him a try. I contacted him and he told me what to do and i did it then he did a (Love spell) for me. 28 hours later, my husband really called me and told me that he miss me and the kids so much, So Amazing!! So that was how he came back that same day,with lots of love and joy,and he apologized for his mistake,and for the pain he caused me and the kids. Then from that day,our Marriage was now stronger than how it were before,All thanks to DR.Osasu . he is so powerful and i decided to share my story on the internet that DR.Osasu real and powerful spell caster who i will always pray to live long to help his children in the time of trouble, if you are here and you need your Ex back or your husband moved to another woman, do not cry anymore, contact this powerful spell caster now. Here’s his contact: Email him at:Account:
    drosasu25@gmail.com , you can also call him or add him on Whats-app: +2347064365391,THANKS TO DR. Osasu

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  24. My health was horrible before I decided to try the Protocol Of taking Dr Ebhota herbal mixture. I felt there was no hope for my health and I was doubtful to try the Protocol thinking it wouldn’t work because I have visited so many hospital but same result. However, I was convinced by my friend to try the herbal medicine because I wanted to get rid of HPV/WART. The herbal mixture that was given to me was really quick and easy to take, and since I have be taking it for less than 3 days I have less outbreak. But within one week i was fully cured from WART/HPV. The herbal medicine really work and I will like to share this great herb doctor contact with you all email him drebhotasolution@gmail.com or whatsapp +2348089535482. Pls try and help yourself out of warts completely today. he also c My health was horrible before I decided to try the Protocol Of taking Dr Ebhota herbal mixture. I felt there was no hope for my health and I was doubtful to try the Protocol thinking it wouldn’t work because I have visited so many hospital but same result. However, I was convinced by my friend to try the herbal medicine because I wanted to get rid of HPV/WART. The herbal mixture that was given to me was really quick and easy to take, and since I have be taking it for less than 3 days I have less outbreak. But within one week i was fully cured from WART/HPV. The herbal medicine really work and I will like to share this great herb doctor contact with you all email him drebhotasolution@gmail.com o r whatsapp +2348089535482. Pls try and help yourself out of warts completely today. he ure DIABETIES ULCAL CANCER etc.He also told me that he has solution for the flowing.1 Cancer cure2 Diabetes cure3 Ringing ear4 Herpes cure5 Warts cure6 HPV cure7 Get your ex back8 Pregnancy herbal medicine9 Prostate enlargement10 Hepatitis B11 Disability12 Kidney problem Etc.

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  25. I have been married for 4years and i have a break up with my husband 1months ago and i was worried and so confuse because i love him so much. i was really going too depressed and a friend directed me to this spell caster Dr. Tunde and i made all my problems known to him and he told me not to worry that he was going to make my husband to come back to me and in just 48hours i receive a call from my husband and he was appealing that i should come back to the house. i have never in my life believe in spell and but now it have just helped me and i am now so happy. All Thanks to him and if you also want to have your Husband back or your lover to yourself here !! his email Address. babatundesolutioncentre1@gmail. com or you can reach him on via WhatsApp mobile number or call him on +2348143581382 i am so happy to testify of your work and kindness Also specialize in treating all kinds of illness, HERPES VIRUS, HEPATITIS B, CANCER, BRAIN DISEASE, INFERTILITY, DIABETES AND MORE

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  26. HOW DR. UNEME brought back my ex lover unemespellben@gmail.com
    Am DONNA, am from UK. After been in a relationship with my Boyfriend for 1 year now and we were planning to get married soon and all of a sudden he left me for another girl. of a truth, I really love this guy and never can I imagine life without him. I further tried all my best to get him back but all my effort to get him back in my life did not work out. It was on this faithful day, I came across some Testimonies on a website about this great spell caster called (Dr. UNEME) any persons claimed that he help them to renew their relationship and bring their ex lover back, I had to contact him because he was my last hope. I contacted him through his email and he assured me that in three days time my boyfriend is going to leave the other girl and come back to me and it was a very great surprise to see my boyfriend coming back to me after three days the spell was done. I am so very happy today that he came back to me and i achieved this with the help of Dr UNEME I equally want to use this opportunity to Tell/Advice to as many who need their ex back, if you need his help you can Contact him through
    EMAIL: unemespellben@gmail.com WHATSAPP HIM @ +2348143813120


    Thank You Once Again Dr.UNEME

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  27. Do You Need A Powerful Africa Native Doctor? I Mean A Spiritual Herbalist
    With Great Spirit Connected To Ancestors. Call or WhatsApp +2349058774809 Dr Obodubu Monday Is A High Voodoo Priest Master. He is a Spell Caster, Native
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    Make Haste To Call or WhatsApp Dr Obodubu Monday +2349058774809. Or Mail Him to
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    Email: babadoctorobodubuspiritualhome@gmail.com

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  28. Am here to say a big thank you to Dr Sam for his great powerful love spell and his great spirits for saving my relationship. No one would have believe that I and my ex will ever come back together again lovers. But this great spell caster united us in just 48 hours. Dr Sam is truly a real and honest online spell caster. Contact him now on: okokakspellhome@gmail.com or whatsApp him +2349060421250 and he will help you solve all your problem

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  29. Hey everyone!!!
    I am sharing this encounter about a spiritual herbalist Dr who helped me to become a military today.
    After all this years applying for military,all I get is rejections and disappointment.but one day I was going through military information when I saw in a comment section how Dr Olumba help a lot of people with his psychology magic powers.instantly I collected his email and contact him immediately,few minutes after he replied me and I told him my situation what I was going through to cut everything short that how he uses his spiritual powers to solve my problem and today am a full member of
    military.
    Get in touch with him for all kinds of spells or spiritual work his ready to help you.
    Email address {Olumbaspiritualspellcaster@gmail.com}
    WhatsApp {+2348124774363}
    website: http://drolumbaspellcaster.wordpress.com/
    https://www.facebook.com/olumbaspiritualspellcaster/

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  30. After being in relationship with Wilson for seven years,he broke up with me, I did everything possible to bring him back but all was in vain, I wanted him back so much because of the love I have for him, I begged him with everything, I made promises but he refused. I explained my problem to someone online and she suggested that I should contact a spell caster that could help me cast a spell to bring him back but I am the type that don’t believed in spell, I had no choice than to try it, I meant a spell caster called Dr Zuma zuk and I email him, and he told me there was no problem that everything will be okay before three days, that my ex will return to me before three days, he cast the spell and surprisingly in the second day, it was around 4pm. My ex called me, I was so surprised, I answered the call and all he said was that he was so sorry for everything that happened, that he wanted me to return to him, that he loves me so much. I was so happy and went to him, that was how we started living together happily again. Since then, I have made promise that anybody I know that have a relationship problem, I would be of help to such person by referring him or her to the only real and powerful spell caster who helped me with my own problem and who is different from all the fake ones out there. Anybody could need the help of the spell caster, his email: spiritualherbalisthealing@gmail.com or WhatsApp him +15068001647
    you can email him if you need his assistance in your relationship or anything. CONTACT HIM NOW FOR SOLUTION TO ALL YOUR PROBLEMS

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  31. Thanks to Dr oniha who helped me brought my ex lover back after eight months of leaving me with three kids and following another lady in Michigan, just because of little misunderstanding we had, but thanx to timely intervention of Dr oniha who uses his spell to bring him back to me, you can also contact him for a similar problem on his email on dronihaspell@yahoo.com or whatsap him on +2347089275769

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  32. Hello all,
    Why must we be confused by all this online scammers when we all know that there has never been any other oracle apart from the the great spell casters called lama lama oracle temple, The great oracle and also i my self called kuq ya that is greatest of all, Kuq ya means GREATEST AMONG ALL THE SPELL CASTERS. This oracle has been in existence for so many years even before i was born i inherited it from my great grand father. Since we have been existing we have never failed in solving any kind of problem anyone must have been having cos we know the spirits that we serve we never lets us down, We perform various sacrifice to this spirits from time to time to make our powerful and doings effective. This temple is out on the internet to tell all of you that is wasting your time and also your hard earned money dealing with all this hungry souls that called themselves spell casters by bring cause to themselves by claiming to be what they are not, We advise you all that you should stop it as it is not right to do such, Because those spell casters that called themselves different names / temples are scammers,You will do this greatest oracle good by doing that.They are scammers and all those testimony there are posted by them also and not the people they have help,They are doing all this to get money to fed there-self and there family members !!! BE WARNED ALL OF YOU THAT NEED HELP FROM SPELL CASTERS AS IT IS BECAUSE OF ALL OF YOU WE HAVE DECIDED TO COME ONLINE TO REDUCE AND STOP ALL THIS FAKE SPELL CASTERS, AS WE GOT PERMISSION FROM THE FBI !!.. I have made so many of them online that are spoiling this great temple good work go back to the sea and some blind. I am Dr Kuq Ya the messenger to the great oracle of Nigeria,Indian,Indonesia,Singapore,UK,USA,Uganda,japan,Spain,Germany,Paris,Dubai,South Africa. To mention but a few..We are know well there as the great temple that has helped them get many of there ANCESTRAL problems solve in recent times. But we are also extending this great offer to those that have any kind of problem, when i mean any kind of problem i mean any problem at all you might be having in this life,Such as getting your lover back,you want to be rich, you feel like using charms on someone to get something you like from him or her or getting your scam many back, wining a lottery, to mention but a few. KUQ YA IS HERE FOR YOUR SERVICES AND PLEASE STOP DEALING WITH THOSE SO CALLED SPELL CASTERS THAT HAVE REALLY MESSED UP THIS WORK ONLINE. I HAVE NEVER BEEN ONLINE,BUT THE PRESIDENTS OF THE ABOVE COUNTRIES CALLED ME ON PHONE AND ALSO PERSONALLY HOLD A MEETING AND THEY ASK ME THE MESSENGER TO START ADVERTING AND TELL ALL ABOUT THIS GREATEST ORACLE THAT IS SO DURABLE, PERFECT, MARVELOUS, AND GOOD WORKS TO AVOID THIS SCAMMING THAT IS GOING ON ONLINE. I WILL BE ENDING HERE NOW, IF YOU HAVE ANYTHING BOTHERING YOUR MIND AND YOU NEED PERMANENT SOLUTION TO IT WITHOUT ANY SIDE EFFECT OR HARM, KINDLY SEND AN EMAIL TO THE FOLLOWING EMAIL ADDRESS: great.spellcaster@yahoo.com Thanks and may the spirits guide you to read and understand what i said and also we will be awaiting response from you all that have problems that want it solve at once.Thanks for your patronage as you come. To enhance fast communication, Kindly send down your Name : Country: State: Address: More about the kind of help you want here: Phone number: Age: Gender : Job: and any other information's you know it will be so helpful on the kind of work and help you wish for here. Because we solve any kind of problem in this life. NOTE : MY GMAIL ACCOUNT IS NOW BAD AS YOU CAN ONLY GET ME ON THIS EMAIL : great.spellcaster@yahoo.com. So don't contact me via me gmail account. And also our spell casting here has no side effect, As it is just to grant you your heart desires without any problem.

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  33. After 8 years in marriage with my husband with 1 kid, my husband started acting weird and going out with other ladies and showed me cold love, on several occasions he threatens to divorce me if I dare question him about his affair with other ladies, I was totally devastated and confused until a old friend of mine told me about a spell caster on the internet called DR JOHN SOCO who help people with relationship and marriage problem by the powers of love spells, at first I doubted if such thing ever exists but decided to give it a try, when I contact him, he helped me cast a love spell and within 48 hours my husband came back to me and started apologizing, now he has stopped going out with other ladies and his with me for good and for real. Contact this great love spell caster for your relationship or marriage problem to be solved today via: Drjohnsoco @ gmail. com or directly WhatsApp +1 706 871 4571 .

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  34. Help us make more transplant possible!
    kidney donor needed urgently at (LS Foundation Center) to help patients who face lifetime dialysis problems unless they undergo kidney transplant. Here we offer financial reward to interested donors. Please kindly contact us at: kidneyliverin@gmail.com

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  35. I came across Dr. Godday email address online how he has fixed broken relationship without delay. and i was really happy to contact him because i and my husband has been apart for the past 9 months and it was really killing me so after i have contacted Dr. Godday he cast the love spell for me and make my lover to come back to my arms within 9 hours with full appreciation i want to thank Dr. Godday for his good works in my life. in case you need his help just contact via email address: goddayspiritualhome@gmail.com or Whats App no +2349018437588

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  36. Greetings from USA! We’re excited to share our congratulations to all the new 2024 lodge officers across our state. Let’s make each and every day count! 🙌✅ ☎️+2348032138765☎️
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